ONUBA
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During the Roman period, the present Onuba territory constituted the westerner end of Baetica Province. It was not a homogeneous area neither from the physically perspective nor from the romanization process point of view, since the existence of three great landscaping scopes (Tierra Llana - Campina and Costa - Andévalo and Serra), together with a differentiated pre-roman tradition motivated a different rate in the acceptance of the three specific models of settling. Tierra Lana, where the process was faster and easier, was characterized by its urban features along with four other cities ( Onuba /Huelva, Ilipla /Niebla, Ituci /Tejada la Nueva and Ostur /Mesa del Castillo) that existed since protohistory and were impelled due to countryside and coastal abundant resources. In Andévalo mining caused the selective occupation around the mines of Riotinto and Tharsis without recognized urban establishments; finally, the mountain range - and its border condition with Baeturia Celtica -, forced Rome to carry out a policy of reunification of the traditional pre-Roman establishments around the two newly constructed cities of Arruci and Turobriga in order to diminish the Lusitanian influence on the indigenous world and to foment the fast romanization of territories relying on different lifestyles from those perpetuated in the Roman Empire.
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ASTIGI
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Écija - August Cologne Roman Astigi - was the capital of one of the four juridical convents which administratively divided the Roman province of Baetica. Nowdays this extensive territory - centered at Genil's river valley (Gualdaquivir's main tributary) - occupies the Spanish provinces of Seville, Cordova, Málaga and Jaen. In the roman period, conventus Astigitanus was composed by 17 main cities, according to Plínio's Naturalis historia and among them were other colonies such as August Gemela Tucci (Martos), Ucubi Claritas Iulia (Espejo) or Genetiva Urbanorum Urso (Osuna) as well as the distant populations of Iliberris (Granada) or Aurgi (Jaén). In those days roman's dominant activity was agriculture, specially cereal and olive groves plantations. A multiplicity of rustic villae sprinkled the conventus , many of them paved with rich mosaics just as Fonte do Álamo villa (Puente Genil, Córdova).
During the first century AC and midd third century AC olive oil great scale export favored the development of agrarian oligarchies and consequently allowed a great peak in Astigi's economy and its surrouding territories. Great extensions of land were devoted to the cultivation of olive grove and the manufacture of olive oil of the great landowners' farms was casked in amphoras manufactured at the brickworkses on the margins of river Genil (Singilis). This river provided amphoras transportation to the port of Hispalis (Seville) where they would be transhiped to marine annonary ships. The prosperity of the city and of the landowners' oligarchies was therefore narrowly linked to the maintenance of the imperial system provisioning (Annona): high productivity and the betic olive oil superior quality guaranteed high profits which allowed sumptuary expenses and the continuing investement in infrastructures and other constructions.
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